Paint, or paint, materials, part 1

Finishing materials used for the production of painting, called the paint, or paint, materials. They have little of materials, as applied in thin layers. Paint materials are divided into major and minor. The main attribute of paint (a suspension of pigments in the binder), varnishes (solutions of film-forming substances in solvents), enamel (a suspension of pigments in the lacquer), primers (liquid suspension of pigment in the binder), putty (thick mixture of pigments and fillers in the binder), binders ( varnishes, polymers, emulsions, adhesives). Auxiliary materials include paste, pastes, putties, thinners, solvents, wash, driers (drying), etc. Paints and coatings are usually composed of dry and liquid ingredients. The first group includes pigments and fillers, the second - binders and solvents, and additives. The most important and indispensable part of the painting and other painting materials are pigments. Pigments (dry ink) - finely shredded colored organic or inorganic substances insoluble in water and dispersed media and capable of forming a protective film-forming, ornamental or decorative and protective coating. Pigments are used for the manufacture of paint and other paints and dye colored mortars, plastics, paper, rubber and other materials. They differ from soluble dyes insoluble in water and painted materials. Pigments are used for surface staining, whereas the dye, staining the surface and penetrate into the material. In the painting works dyes because of their solubility hardly used. Pigments are natural (inorganic), artificial or synthetic (inorganic and organic) and metal. Natural inorganic pigments obtained by milling, enrichment, thermal processing of minerals and rocks. Synthetic inorganic pigments produced as a result of chemical reactions. Synthetic organic pigments - dyes of different chemical structure. Metallic pigments - fine powders of metal or metal alloy. There was widespread fine powder of metallic aluminum handsome silver (aluminum powder), a thin bronze powder that looks like a golden powder. To work these powders prepared by different binders, oil, varnish or adhesive. In the paint industry is widely used following inorganic pigments: chalk, white lead, manganese dioxide, iron minium, ocher, zinc crowns, chromium oxide, ultramarine, aluminum powder, etc. To distinguish organic from inorganic pigments, they ignited. For this small amount of pigment is poured into a test tube or on the steel sheet and heated. Organic pigments, comprising carbon, char and blacken. Pigments have properties that predetermine their use in painting works. These properties include color, light and weather resistance, coloring power, coverage, resistance to chemical attack, fineness, oil absorption, etc. On the basis of color distinguished white, black, gray, red, yellow, green, blue and brown pigments. Each group contains pigments of various hues. For example, one group includes the protection and lemon crowns, although the shade they differ sharply, and indeed the ocher has several different shades. Some of them even have special names, such as golden ocher. By the degree of opacity pigments are divided into corpus and lessirovochnye. Hull pigments give neprosvechivayuschiesya coverage, and lessirovochnye - only transparencies. Hull pigments give the surface a given tone lessirovochnye, such as natural sienna, used for the Highlighter, with cutting surfaces for the wood texture. Poisonous (acute) - a property that must be considered when working with paints. Many pigments are harmless, but some are poisonous, affects the respiratory tract and Tampering can cause poisoning. Are poisonous pigments containing lead, copper, arsenic, and some zinc compounds. Use of toxic paints when working with a brush does not cause any danger to workers, personal hygiene and safety. Toxic effect pigments appears when applying paint spray apparatus - spray or paint sprayer. In these cases, to toxic dust from getting into the human body, must work in a protective mask or respirator. Mel - fine white powder, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate CaCO. As a filler used hydrophobized chalk, he lumps and does not cake when stored does not absorb water. Mel - great razbelitel in colored plaster, a good filler in plastics, filler in poliizobutilenovyh sealing mastic and putty on the organic binder and 50% by weight polyvinyl chloride linoleum and tiles of chalk. Mel - one of the best white natural pigments. In the chalk is not allowed of visible foreign matter. In the packed chalk stored indoors. To recognize the chalk, it was dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. In this case, the chalk with a hiss, release carbon dioxide. In the painting works of chalk prepare a primer, pastes, putties, fillers, as well as various water paint formulations, mainly adhesives used for interior stains. Mel schelochestoek not change its color under the action of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur compounds, svetostoek. Hiding power of a standard chalk is not normalized, according to observations, it is 100 ... 120 g / m Mel can be mixed with any pigment, which he compares favorably with other pigments that contain alkali. Humidity lump of chalk must not exceed 12, ground - 2%. Fillers are called insoluble minerals, are added to the colorful compositions for savings in pigments, as well as to give the compositions of additional properties - high strength, fire resistance, acid resistance, etc., depending on which and apply one or another type of filler. Fillers are also included in the compositions used for surface preparation (priming agent). When selecting a filler into account the color of the pigment composition and the applied binder. So, for example, glue paint light colors are recommended as a filler finely dispersed kaolin. In addition, to improve the quality of glue paints as a filler is used mica. To produce priming compositions while working with oil and tempera paints used finely talc. As binders for the preparation of various paints and enamels applied varnish or lacquer. Unlike lacquer linseed oil dries slowly, gives the coverage of moderate light and filling. Hardness on drying oil is inferior hardness coating varnish binders. Linseed oil is widely used for the preparation of cements, prooliflivaniya wood, plaster to increase the water resistance of surfaces. Drying oils are natural, semi-subsistence, artificial and combined. Linseed oil, natural - a product of processing (cooking), drying vegetable oils by heating them to 200 ° C. By type of used vegetable oil linseed oil is known as flax, hemp, tung, etc. The most widely used the first two types of natural drying oils. Also used a mixture of different natural drying oils. When cooking a drying oil to accelerate the timing of drying and film formation add various stimulants - driers. The most commonly used as driers oxide, peroxide, and salts of lead, cobalt, manganese, etc. is introduced into the varnish driers in strictly limited quantities, since the excess of their causes increased brittleness, and accelerated destruction of ink film. In the application of various types of driers should consider the appointment of linseed oil produced. Natural varnish film formed after drying, have a maximum strength, plasticity, resistance to weathering. These properties and explains the widespread use of natural drying oils to meet internal and external work. Depending on the color inks applied one or another natural varnish. For example, preparing the white paint and paint light colors should be used as hemp linen varnish darkens considerably and may contaminate the bright paint. The rate of drying linseed oil - an important indicator of its quality. Drying is a process in which liquid linseed oil, applied with a thin layer on the glass surface by evaporation, hardens and turns into a film. There are two stages of drying: drying up "dust" (the finest moment of the surface film) and the drying up of the full (time of formation of a solid, stable film on the entire thickness of the deposited varnish). Such a film is able to withstand the mechanical and atmospheric influences. If you scrape it with a sharp knife, get transparent flexible chips. I must say that the term "drying" is used here is not entirely accurate. It would be better to say "cure", since the film of varnish cures by oxidation of atmospheric oxygen, followed by polymerization. Moreover, its mass does not decrease (as with any drying) and, conversely, a slight increase due to oxidation. Drying time of natural drying oils "Dust" - 12 hours and completely dry - 24 hours at a temperature (20 ± 2) ° C. Semi-subsistence drying oil is obtained by processing vegetable oils by polymerization or oxidation, and in some cases the oil is further treated with sulfur. To give a viscous liquid consistency of their product is diluted with organic solvents (turpentine, mineral spirits, solvent, etc.), whose content should not exceed 45%. Film semi-subsistence varnish curing after drying are different from natural thinner films, great hardness and water resistance, but they are less elastic, for semi-subsistence life film drying oil much lower than natural films due to a decrease of plasticity during evaporation of volatile solvents. The most widely used drying oil obtained semi-subsistence of two kinds: - boiled linseed oil polymerized IMS (Institute of Mineral Resources) - a product seal flax or hemp oil heating - olifaoksol - Product Seal of flax or hemp seed oil by blowing air when heated in the presence of desiccant. In the sale, it comes in three grades: oksol B - based on linseed oil; oksol SM - a mixture of flax or hemp oil (70%) and sunflower (30%), linseed oil PV - with sunflower or soybean oil. Linseed oil artificial (or synthetic) as opposed to natural and semi-subsistence does not contain oils or contains no more than 35%. Using synthetic lacquers for preparing ink compositions of dark colors. In addition to the above, there are still so-called combined drying oil - it's solutions in white spirit mixtures of oxidized oils with oils and dehydrated desiccant. After drying, they form a fairly strong varnish film. Use them both for external and for internal works. Signs of a good quality varnish is its transparency, light color, small pellet in the supernatant. The most reliable way to determine the quality of linseed oil - sample for drying. Complete drying varnish should occur no later than 24 hours after its application.