Stone materials

Stone materials are used for laying the foundations, plinths, columns, walls, stoves, as well as aggregate concrete and mortars. The natural local stone materials include: quarry stone, gravel, crushed stone and sand. Quarry stone - it's chunks of limestone, dolomite, granite, sandstone and other types of natural stone and correct an irregular shape. There are following its varieties, ragged, rounded cobblestones postelisty smooth (it has two roughly parallel to the bed, the length and width greater than the height of the stone), rubble slab (stone with two parallel beds). Stone quarry, used for laying the foundations, buildings, retaining walls, paving roads, etc., must be at least 70% of the pieces weighing from 20 to 40 kg and not have 1Mney weighing less than 5 kg. Quarry stone shall be free from cracks, delaminations and traces of weathering, as well as clay and other unconsolidated layers that can dissolve, soften or significantly changed in volume during wetting and drying. Its quality is determined using a hammer. When you hit them on the stone ringing sound indicates good as rubble, a blank - the presence of impurities of clay and other breeds. Quarry stone low marks from a fall of the hammer 1 kg divided into rubble. Quarry stone used for rubble and rubble concrete masonry, as well as an addition to arrays of concrete when concreting ("raisin") to reduce consumption of cement and ready-mix concrete. Gravel - a small rounded stones in varying degrees, the small size. Gravel is schebnevidnym, malookatannym, ovoid, well-rounded, etc. The size of gravel along: small 5-15 mm, medium - 20 - 40 mm, large - 80 mm. Crushed stone - a stone the same size as the gravel. Get a gravel crushing rocks or artificial rocks. Gravel and crushed stone used as fillers in various concretes. They should be clean: if contamination of their well-washed. Crushed best filler than gravel, it has fewer impurities and a strong bond with cement. Sand. Natural sand, formed as a result of destruction of rocks used as fine aggregate (grain size - 0,15 ... 5 mm) for the preparation of concrete and mortar. The sand is river, lake, mountain (ravine). Ravine littered with clay wheels, lake - with silt, so they are washed before eating and sieved. Use of sand, in which the content of clay, silt and other impurities does not exceed 5%. River sand, which has rounded particles, is less suitable for construction works. Grains of sand mining have an angular shape and rough surface, they have better adhesion with cementitious materials. On sand grain size fraction is divided into small - 1-2 mm, medium - 2-2,5 mm and 2,5-3,5 mm large. Large and medium sand is used to prepare concrete, small for masonry and plaster solutions. Plain natural sand is called a heavy, sand with the addition of slag, pumice, etc. - easy. Sand, gravel and crushed stone is also used for the device ground iodine track drainage. Stones for filling furnace heater. The main requirement for the stones for filling - that they are well accumulated, and then gave the heat, withstand high temperatures and does not burst from the water. Layered rocks of sandstone, limestone and other sedimentary rocks are not suitable, as they quickly break down, clogging channels for flame, smoke and steam. Siliceous rock of volcanic origin, with semi-sharp edges and are not suitable. If splashing of water, they split and go off ", throwing a few meters sharp little pieces that can hurt the body. In order not to bursting stove, stove inside and not destroy it, the stones must be rounded with a smooth surface and no larger than 10 cm - then they heat evenly and freely pass between the flames, smoke and steam. The best in dense heavy stones, pellets or dark gray color, assembled on the bank of a river, lake or bay - they were grinding and quenching with water and the sun over millions of years. You can not use stones with cracks. Strength of rocks and their lack of cracking test, hitting each other or with a hammer. Defective stones tubby. A good substitute for stones are broken ceramic and porcelain products (such as electrical insulators). They are heat resistant and can withstand sudden temperature changes. Typically, pieces of these materials are large and suitable only for the upper layer of rock backfill. You can also use pieces of brick, the best bleach - iron ore - a deformed shape with fused edges, which are not suitable for masonry. Using the broken ceramic and porcelain, and brick-iron ore for the top layer filling makes sense: it serves as a shield - a protective screen in the furnace of the bathers as well as some of the stones (or even just above chert) eventually burst with removing a splinter.